If you like rags-to-riches stories, you will find few as compelling as that of Enrico Caruso (1873-1921). He was the youngest of twenty-one (!) children, only three of whom survived infancy. Born into grinding poverty, he was saved from the life of the scugnizzo (street urchin) by two things: one, he went to work at the age of ten in the factory where his father worked in Naples, and, two, even as a child it was evident he could sing. By the end of his life, he had become the highest paid singer in the world and was generally acknowledged to be one of the greatest operatic tenors ever, a judgement that subsequent history has had little reason to amend. 

Even while working as a lad, Caruso was encouraged by his mother, then his loving stepmother,  and a local parish priest to pursue his singing. He joined a church choir and by his mid-teens was taking singing lessons in his spare time and singing at every available opportunity, in cafès, at weddings, even hiring himself out as a kind of singing Cyrano de Bergerac, standing off to the side and singing for tone-deaf swains, who would  lip-synch and pretend to be serenading their lady loves. He sang anything, anywhere and anytime, just to get experience. 

Compared to other singers of his day, Caruso's voice was a strange combination of tenor and baritone. He had considerable trouble in his early career with the high tenor register, for example, causing a number of early teachers to tell him that he would never make it. The winds of cultural change were blowing in his favor, however. By the 1880s the age of the light, almost effeminate tenor was over;  the new more realistic operas of verismo (realism) such as I Pagliacci and Cavalleria Rusticana  called for an earthier male voice.  In retrospect, it is now obvious that Caruso's voice was the ideal vehicle for this new kind of tenor vocalizing. And since Caruso has influenced every tenor since him, even earlier operas, say by Bellini or Donizetti, undoubtedly sound huskier today than they did when performed in the 19th century. 

He started his professional career in Caserta in 1895 and for the next few years sang in the provinces and in various secondary operas in Naples — but not at San Carlo, which was strictly for stars. Playing in the Campania outback in those days was rough. During one performance of Faust, in Caserta, the appearance of the "devil" on stage so terrified the peasant audience that they shouted the performance to a close and chased Caruso and the whole company off the stage and through the streets with sticks and brickbats! Caruso traveled abroad to Egypt, South America, and even Russia slowly building his reputation. His "break" in Italy came in 1900 in Milan at La Scala, by then the  opera house in the world. He was a success. 

Then Caruso did something he had always wanted to do: he came back to Naples to 'wow' the hometown crowd at San Carlo. He undoubtedly envisioned coming home in triumph, and if the public had had their way, maybe he would have. Caruso, however, had neglected to butter up the right music critics with invitations and tickets. Add to this the fact that his choice to go to Milan first and then come south was seen by some as an affront to Naples, only recently, and reluctantly, part of a unified Italy. It had all the makings for a hostile reception —and it was, at least on the part of the critics. So, although the public was generally receptive to Caruso, the critics in the local papers panned him, saying his voice was a hybrid of tenor and baritone, and that, dramatically, he was uncouth. He sang in Naples in the winter of 1901/02 and then left, bitterly disappointed, saying he would return to Naples only "to see  my mother and eat vermicelli alle vongole." He kept his word and never sang again in the city of his birth. Whenever he came home to visit, instead of giving a benefit performance for the poor, he would simply donate  to charity more money than even one of his performances would have brought in. 

(For more on Caruso's critic and the offending review, see here .)

He was a generous, highly idiosyncratic, superstitious man. He refused to travel on certain days of the week, or without consulting his astrologer; he used home remedies for his vocal cords such as garlic and ether spray, much to the dismay of his singing coaches; he smoked, drank and ate to excess; and downed a large glass of whisky before going out on the stage for his opening number at each performance. One of the strangest stories about him is that, though caught in the great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and terrified like everyone else, he managed to calm down enough to start singing in the corridors of his hotel.  This free performance by the Great Caruso had a calming influence amidst all the confusion going on around him. 

From 1903 until his death his home was the Metropolitan Opera in New York, during which time he sang  622 leading roles. (That works out to 37 major performances each season —phenomenal by today's standards!) His stamina and vocal powers were legendary. On a few occasions, his natural baritone register and perhaps his teenage experience as substitute serenader came to the company's rescue, as Caruso would stand behind a set and sing a baritone aria while the baritone, himself, with a headcold or hangover, would move his lips and fake it! 

Caruso is at least partially responsible for the great popularity of the Neapolitan Song abroad, as he would often include songs such as O sole mio or Santa Lucia  as encores after the opera at the Met. (This practice of operatic tenors, Italian or otherwise,  singing Neapolitan Songs survives to this day; witness The Three Tenors.) As a Neapolitan in America, his presence worked magic in the lives of the entire community of his fellow "immigrants". Here was one who had made it, and through him their own lives gained that much more hope for the future. 

Caruso's life combined poverty, incredible hard work, determination and, ultimately, fame and wealth. He was a gifted artist, as well, and enjoyed drawing caricatures of himself in various operatic poses. Indeed, his life, itself, was a caricature of The Artist as Fatalist Disdainer of Caution. He chose, instead, to ride his great talent as fast and as far as it would take him. He died where he wanted to, at home in the heart of Santa Lucia by the Bay of Naples. He was forty-eight. 

Susi stares out at us from the TV screen of a local Naples channel and says, "Chiamatemi" --call me. She recites the phone number that also scrolls across the bottom of the screen and then goes back to dealing cards face-up on the desk in front of her as if she were cheating at solitaire. Far from it. Suzi is engaged in cartomancy -- the telling of fortunes from the cards. In the course of an hour or so, she gets a few calls from people concerned about their love-life, jobs, health, etc. She talks to them via a speaker-phone in the studio and then consults the cards and gives advice. She is cheerful and friendly. 

Generally, Susi is what they call a "mago". The Italian term "mago" is a broad one. Merlin was a mago. So was the stage magician and escape artist Harry Houdini, and it is the word (cognate of the English term "magi") for "Wise Men", referring to those who bore gifts to the Christ Child, for they were said to be Zoroastrian astrologers, magicians from the East. 

Whatever you call them --wizards, magicians, sorcerers, seers--  there are still a lot of them around, and they do a land-office business, at least in Italy. According to a recent article in the paper, there are 1,669 practicing maghi in Italy, and they command the trust and credulousness of some twelve million Italians. That is, about one out of five Italians is quite prepared to go to a mago and shell out anywhere from 15 to 100 dollars for a potion, spell, talisman, charm, amulet or incantation -- anything to hocus-pocus away a problem. (I can't prove this, but I suspect that the precentage in Naples is even higher. Magicians have always had a solid place in Naples, going back to Virgil, who is said to have concealed an egg on the grounds of what is today still called the "Egg Castle". What happens if the egg breaks? You don't want to know.) (See here for an entry on Virgil, the mago's mago!) 

My favorite mago (and I want him to know this and to understand that I am not being critical of him in any way, shape or form, and that I really think he is a credit to his profession and species -- hey, my limbs are going numb!) used to advertise his services on local TV. 

My mago X  built his pitch along the lines of one of those South American soap operas that take up so many valuable electrons in my television set. It had (1) a beautiful and virtuous heroine, (2) a crisis brought on by an evil rival, and (3) a resolution, this one effected, obviously, by my main man, Mago. It had the same shaky home-video qualities as the soaps and even went 
in for the same lighting and those ultra close-ups that let you count facial hairs choking and poking up through too much make-up like left-over shrubbery from the mysterious Siberian fireball explosion of 1908. The whole thing ran about ten minutes. 

First we saw mago in seclusion, perhaps at the sea-side or some mountain retreat, but definitely a place on a higher plane, hidden from non-esoteric klutzes like me, a good place with good vibes where you could meditate real good. He would do that, staring into a campfire. There were plenty of tight shots of his eyes to highlight their magnetic quality. The camera was so close that at first you thought you were about to see a documentary on glaucoma. The background music would start up; there were lots of drums, letting you know that this guy was in tune with -- maybe even in the same band as-- some very heavy voodoo hitters. 

The plot started. The heroine was a would-be ballerina. She was lovely, graceful and kind. Career-wise, however, she was going belly up, for she was about to be done out of the big lead role by her evil and less talented rival, an envious wench with two left paws. 

Heroine then sees the very same ad that we are watching -- mago's blurb for his "positively charged talisman"--  and calls  the number scrolling across the bottom of the screen (although I never could  figure out how she managed to read that number from her side of the screen). Mago's secretary answers the phone, writes heroine's problem down and takes it in to the Man. He then reaches in a drawer and pulls out a talisman. It is unlike your and my talisman. Nothing bulky like a rabbit's foot, bear paw, mandrake root, horse shoe, pyramid, pendulum, animal horn or precious stone. This thing looks like a credit-card. On one side is written "Health, Love, Business", and above that phrase is the watchful and protecting all-seeing open eye common to much esoteric tradition (as well as being on the unesoteric US one-dollar bill, right above the pyramid). Mago then "positively charges" the talisman by pressing it between his palms and mumbling over it. He sends it to Heroine and as soon as she takes it out of the envelope and slips it in her purse --lo and behold!-- the door to her dressing room opens and in comes the producer of the big show; he has had a change of heart. She gets the gig! 

The story is not finished, and this is the good part. Even after he sends Heroine the magic credit card, mago somehow senses that all is not well. The other dancer, Miss Bigfoot of 1997, is out to ambush our Goody Two-Shoes, so mago  rushes over to the theater, races backstage and --just in time!-- pulls Heroine away from the path of a very large prop that Evil Rival has cut loose, intending it to fall on and squash Goody as flat as a positively charged credit-card-sized talisman. 

The End. Phew! Awesome. This reviewer has seldom seen such a persuasive restatement of the non-discursive contingencies of the ontological argument, such breadth of expression, such depth of emotion, such length of body parts. Besides, how many wizards do you know who make house calls? (Hey, my limbs are going numb!) 

One of the best- selling CDs in Italy at the moment is Oggi o dimani by the Neapolitan singer/actor Massimo Ranieri. He started out more than 30 years ago singing Neapolitan songs for the local market; then, he won the Italian Song Festival in San Remo in the early 70s and since has had a very solid career both as a singer and film actor. 

This recent CD takes advantage of the typically oriental flavor of much Neapolitan music, a sound due to that erratic  Middle-Eastern "quiver" in the voice that almost all Neapolitan singers use -- a sound traceable to the Spanish and, hence, Moorish influence in southern Italy. As well, much Neapolitan music  employs chromatic elements of Middle Eastern scales. In addition to all that, Ranieri chose to record the numbers using a background of Greek and Middle-Eastern instruments, including the mandolin-like bouzuki, and a variety of North African percussion instruments. Indeed, one number features another singer doing a verse in his own North-African native language. Thus, a century after they were written, these songs --often with texts by great Neapolitan dialect poets such as Salvatore di Giacomo ("Napulitanata" and "Marechiare") have taken on a refreshingly  "new" sound -- but one that actually works quite well. 

There is such an exotic abundance of languages on the busses in Naples these days that you feel as if you have wandered into a workshop run by the Summer Institute of Linguistics, those busy language beavers of bible translation who tell us (at www.sil.org), for example, that there are 8 languages spoken in Sri Lanka, 8 in the Ukraine, 9 in Tunisia, 82 in Ethiopia,  and 470 in Nigeria. 

I hear some of them, I'm sure, on the busses, depending on the time of day. In the mornings there are loads of immigrant woman from Sri Lanka on their way to work as maids and cooks (termed COLF in Italian, for "collaboratrici familiari" -- family helpers). Many of them are from the Ukraine and Sri Lanka. Later in the day, young African men toting huge sports bags jammed with sundry leather goods such as purses and belts are seen making their way to the bustling pedestrian malls downtown to peddle their goods. 

Interestingly, of the 33 languages listed for Italy, I generally hear only two of those on the busses: one is standard Italian; the other is Neapolitan dialect (all 5,000,000 speakers of which live on my street and try to park their cars in my space!). There is even a language I had never heard of, much less actually heard: 

I don't think anyone in the small (around 300-400) Naples Jewish community speaks it, but I'll have to ask Aldo, a friend of ours. He is approaching 90 years of age and ten years ago became the second oldest university graduate in the history of the Italian state. He was a young man when the Fascists were in power and, because he was a Jew, was denied entrance to a university. He bided his time and years later, at the age of 80, wrote his university dissertation on The Influence of Napoleon on the Liberation of European Jewry. He says he had difficulty even finding a so-called "graduate advisor" for his thesis, that is, some professor who knew enough about the subject to judge what he wrote. They did a short spot on him on national television, where they showed him getting his degree. He sported an elegant blue suit and an enormous smile. 

Aldo speaks only Italian, and it is my impression that almost no Italian Jews speak Yiddish, for example. Once, an elderly Jewish gentleman from New York whom I met in Naples asked if there was a synagogue in Naples. Indeed, there was, and I took him down there. He spoke no Italian, but he did speak Yiddish, a disappearing language even among American Jews. He managed to communicate at the Naples synagogue in Yiddish with one old gentleman, a resident of Naples but originally from Eastern Europe. They spoke while the younger generation of Neapolitan Jewry stood around and listened, absolutely transfixed as they listened to the historic language of the Diaspora. 

 Charles and Camilla of Bourbon
I think the heraldic mumbo-jumbo for a monarchy that is "out of work," so to speak, is that it is "in abeyance". The deposed Savoys of Italy, for example -- for those who would like the Italian monarchy to return--  have been "in abeyance" since 1946 when Italy, by referendum, chose a republican form of government. 

The Bourbons of Naples are a different matter. They never ruled Italy, but, rather, The Kingdom of Naples (also known as The Kingdom of The Two Sicilies) until they were deposed by force in 1860 and said kingdom was incorporated into another state --The Kingdom of Italy. Thus, you cannot say that the Bourbons of Naples are "in abeyance" because there is no longer a Kingdom of Naples. They are just plain out-of-work, left-over nobility who travel around, being quaint. 

Prince Charles of Bourbon --who would be the King of Naples, today, if the 19th century had never happened-- was in Fondi (near Gaeta, north of Naples) yesterday, being quaint. He presided over a ceremony that unveiled the new uniforms of the Fondi traffic police, uniforms  identical to those made official by royal decree for the National Guard of the Kingdom of Naples in 1848. "We are not trying to raise a Bourbon army," said Charles. "We just want people to be interested in their history." The two policemen and one policewoman interviewed on TV with the prince cut a dashing figure and seemed amusedly content in their new garb. (The fact that 1848 was a year of widespread anti-monarchical turmoil in Naples and elsewhere in Europe went uncommented upon.) 

There is a small lizard guarding our house; at least, I hope that is what it is doing. I realize that there are other evolutionary scenarios that call for the lizard to grow to the size of a komodo dragon and eat us, but I'd rather not dwell on that possibility. 

My wife's and my own current thinking is that the lizard represents a manifestation of the "monaciello" ("little monk"), a kind of Neapolitan leprechaun, a usually benevolent figure that protects you and, just maybe, might show you where treasure is hidden. He is one of the many such mischievous Pucks, imps and  sprites that show up in various cultures around the world. Monaciello --as the name would indicate-- normally looks like an itsy-bitsy monk and is said to live in the wine cellar. We have no wine cellar. I am puzzled by that theological contradiction, but I have read that "monaciello" can also assume the shape of a cat or a serpent; a lizard is a serpent, of sorts, so maybe, just maybe... 

So far, he (henceforth "he", since a "little monk", in whatever incarnation, is, by definition, a male) simply scurries across the room, stops and stares at us for a while, does that thing with his tongue,  and then goes away. My wife claims he is getting bigger. I, hopefully, suggest that that comes from all the bugs he has been eating. (Indeed, our abode is remarkably free of insects.) He  has also replaced a previous, smaller lizard we found in the dearly-departed, shrivelled-up state some months ago. This is either (1) a good sign, in that there is, apparently, an entire cadre of good spirits dedicated to our well-being, or (2) ominous, in that maybe lizard number 2 killed lizard number 1 and is now just biding his time (see "other evolutionary scenarios" in par. 1, above) waiting for the return of the Age of Reptiles. 

Indeed, my Neapolitan mother-in-law was convinced that ‘spirits’ (possibly a "monaciello" prankster) played tricks on her by moving things around the house. Once they moved her house-keys and  before that they nabbed her sweater. I put quotes around ‘spirits’ because that’s what she called them. I suggested ‘hobgoblins', ‘demons’, or ‘howling hunks of ectoplasm’. One does not joke about such things, however. 

“I put them right there, and now they’re gone, mister young punk rationalist know-nothing unbeliever. How do you explain that?” 

 “Easy, mother-in-law. You must have put them somewhere else.” 

“Ha! If I had put them somewhere else, then that’s where they would be, right? But they’re not there, either! So where are they, if you know so much? Besides, the things always turn up eventually, which proves they were gone in the first place.” 

Touché. 

Now, I know that the supernatural exists or does not exist quite independently of whether or not I believe in it. Logical Positivists among you may argue with that statement, but then you brainoids have never tangled with lizards, so I suggest you get with the program. 

A cabdriver complained to me the other day about all the construction sites in the city. "I can't get people where they're going, and they all think I'm trying to run up the fare on them by driving through the Panama canal just to get them home. There are 50 open construction sites in town!" 
The paper  this morning more or less confirmed what he said as well as what I can see from my own window. Near my house, there is a street that has been torn up for five weeks and shows no signs of being ready for traffic in the near future. 

The paper today ran a map showing the  locations of 35 sites that traffic simply has to avoid or try to go around somehow. They range from the complicated and eternal construction for the new Naples metropolitana -- the subway-- to simple ditches along the streets for fiber optic lines and assorted plumbing --all of which, however, close the road. 

"Eternal" brings to mind the great Italian expression, "La fabbrica di San Pietro!" used as a metaphor of things that take too long to build, referring to the great length of time it took to finish St. Peter's cathedral in Rome. You hear that figure of speech a lot these days. 

It is proverbial that there is something 'universal' about humour, yet, nothing translates with more difficulty from one culture to another than film comedy. Great exceptions, such as Chaplin and Laurel & Hardy, though they may have wound up making talkies, more or less depended on their genius for visual humour, and slapstick developed in an age when humour was silent. Once films started to speak, the rules changed, which is why highly verbal comics such as Groucho Marx are so difficult to render into another language. A pie in the face, a prat fall, or a piano falling downstairs cross cultural and language barriers much easier than trying to translate, "Bernstein is out in the corridor waxing wroth!" "Yeah? Well, tell him to get in here and let Roth wax himself for a while!" 

The Neapolitan comic Antonio De Curtis, known as Totò, is another example of humour that can be appreciated across cultures. True, he is often full of the verbal dexterity that only native speakers of Italian can appreciate, yet his flights of outrageous language are so often combined with pure visual humour that he is easily one of the most accessible of all film comics, language and culture notwithstanding. 

Nothing will start a marathon session of tale-swapping quicker than Neapolitans sitting around recalling scenes from their favorite Totò films. If you want one where the pompous  get their come-uppance, there's the train scene where he offers to help a windbag senator with his luggage, taking each piece and carefully passing it out the window of the moving train, and for sheer pantomimic grace, only Chaplin at his best can compare with Totò's version of a marionette puppet dancing his way across the stage to the strains of the Parade of the Wooden Soldiers.

His early career started after WW I in vaudeville and expanded into films. He made 85 of them in all. Some of them, of course, are silly potboilers, fun but forgettable. Others are "art," the kind you wind up admiring, but still puzzling over and studying in History of Cinema classes, such as his brilliant work in Uccellacci ed uccellini, produced by another genius, Pier Paolo Pasolini. Others, the most memorable ones, have him in the role of the true clown, the little man down on his luck, just trying to make it through another day. There is this poignancy in Guardie e Ladri (Cops and Robbers). Totò, as a thief, spends much of the film making a good-natured overweight  policeman chase after him. They become friends and though Totò has to go off to jail, the policeman winds up promising to send postcards to his family from different places around Italy so they'll think Totò is just off on a business trip. Then, there is some of Everyman's would-be defiance of Authority in a film called Due Marascialli, when a high-ranking Nazi officer in WW II Italy screams at Totò: "I can do what I want. I have a blank check!" "A blank check?" answers Totò, in a retort now proverbial in Italian, "Well, you can wipe you a* * with it!" 

A number of other Totòisms have found their way into the language. "Siamo uomini o caporali?!" ("Are we men or corporals?") and the immortal, but untranslatable line (because it contains a grammatical error which contradicts the spirit of the sentence): "Signore si nasce ed io lo nacqui!" (Maybe something like, "Gentlemen are born, not made, and I is one!") He was also the author of a number of well-loved poems and songs in Neapolitan dialect, most memorable of which are A' livella (a poem about death as the great equalizer) and "Malafemmina," a love song. 

Like many comics, Totò did not become appreciated as a "true clown" until after his death. But most Italians knew right from the start what it took critics decades to figure out, and now through the pleasant little time-machine known as television, we can all see why. 

Castellammare has a long history as a shipyard. Neapolitans learned shipbuilding from the Phonecians and the Greeks, then became the principal shipwrights for the Romans, contributing to the Empire's domination of the Mediterranean. Neapolitan shipwrights continued their activity even during the Middle Ages, thanks to extensive merchant and cultural trading between Europe and the Middle East. The Normans, Swabians, Angevins and Aragonese carried on maritime commerce, and Naples was of primary importance in the southern Tyrrhenian sea. In 1571, Neapolitan yards contributed greatly to the successful outcome of the Battle of Lepanto by furnishing a number of ships in the victorious fleet. 

In 1734 with the ascension of the Bourbons to the throne, Neapolitan shipwrights began building naval ships for the protection of the newly independent kingdom. In 1739  the first completely Bourbon frigate was launched, the S. Carlo e Partenope. In the same year in Naples, the Accademia di Marina was opened; it was the first academy in Italy for the training of naval officers. In 1780 Ferdinand IV established a Ministry of the Royal Navy and opened a shipyard at Castellammare di Stabia to build ships for the kingdom's fleets. Ferdinand chose Castellammare as the site of the royal shipyards because of the inhabitants' reputation as master craftsmen. The kingdom, itself, was unstable at times, but the Bourbons, nevertheless, developed the facility at Castellammare into one of the most impressive in the Mediterranean. 

In 1818 at Vigliena, the first steamship in Italy was launched, the Ferdinand I. By the time of Italian unification, the yards at Castellammare had built fifty ships of medium tonnage for the navy, as well as countless smaller merchant vessels. On January 18, 1859, Francesco II witnessed the launching of what turned out to be the last ship built for the navy of Naples, the frigate Borbone. 

The last years of the kingdom of Naples saw a general restructuring of port facilities. In addition to the shipyards, the Kingdom of Naples had other considerable industrial and manufacturing activity, particularly in metallurgy, an industry which drew widebased financial support from English, French and Swiss entrepreneurs. 

With the unification of Italy came a reevaluation of the shipyards of the ex-Kingdom of Naples. The question of Castellammare was, of course, but one part of the much larger question of just how much industry should be assigned to the southern half of a  unified nation. 

Since unification, Castellammare has had to contend with numerous proposals to close the shipyards altogether. Also, it has had to battle competition from other shipyards  throughout Italy. Nevertheless, between 1861 and 1918 the yards launched 83 naval vessels, many of which proved to be among the finest in the nation's fleets. From 1918 to the early 1980s, 170 more ships were built at Castellammare, some of more than 50,000 tons capacity. Two ships, well-known to all, have come from the Castellammare yards: the naval training ship, Amerigo Vespucci (1931) and the bathyscaph Triest (1953) which took Auguste Piccard down to 3,150 metres in the waters off Ponza.